• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    Method of active reinforcement against shear stress or punching in structural bearing elements, of the type of beams, pillars and slabs, in which an arrangement of at least one bar, wire or similar reinforcement element (3) of alloy with memory is made in a pre-stretched form in martensitic phase around the structural bearing element (1) to be reinforced, transversely to a fissure (2) generated, or that may be generated, by the shear stress or punching. Subsequently an anchoring of the bar, wire or similar reinforcing element (3) around the structural support element (1) is performed, and an activation of this bar, wire or similar reinforcing element (3) by heating, causing its transformation from martensitic phase to austenitic phase. Additionally, the invention relates to an active reinforcement system with at least one bar, wire or similar reinforcing element (3) of alloy with shape memory. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2592554A1
    申请号:ES201631329
    申请日:2016-10-14
    公开日:2016-11-30
    发明作者:Antoni CLADERA BOHIGAS；Carlos Rodrigo RIBAS GONZÁLEZ；Benito MAS GRACIA；Juan Maria RIUS GIBERT
    申请人:Universitat de les Illes Balears；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Field of the invention The present invention belongs to the technical field of construction, specifically to the structural elements and their reinforcement against stresses.
    10 supported to repair and control cracks, and more specifically to reinforcements against shear stress for structural supporting elements such as beams and pillars, and against punching effort on slab type elements.
    The invention relates in particular to a method of active reinforcement at shear stress or punching capable of generating fissures in structural bearing elements 15, such as beams, pillars and slabs, in which at least one linear reinforcement element is anchored, such as a bar, wire or similar element, of alloy with memory in a pre-stretched way in martensitic phase, partial or total, around the structural bearing element to be reinforced, and subsequently activated by heating causing the transformation of the bar, wire or element
    20 similar reinforcement of partial or total martensitic phase, to austenitic phase, and the tensions caused close the fissure and increase the shear resistance in the structure bearing element.
    The invention further relates to an active reinforcement system with at least one linear reinforcement element such as a bar, wire or similar, shape memory alloy.
    Background of the invention
    The supporting elements of the structures are requested against different types of stresses, such as bending, axial and cutting moment. These 30 efforts produce tensions inside the structural element, which, a
    Once the tensile strength of the material is matched, they produce cracks.
    Fissures near the support and that are inclined, in the case of concrete structures, are mainly due to shear stress or punching. In the case of wooden structures, shear cracks are
    35 propagate in general parallel to the guideline of the piece due to the character


    Orthotrope of wood. These fissures may appear due to a poor dimensioning of the element, an increase in loads in the structure or the loss of its resistant capacity due to degradation, and given the fragility of shear breakage in this type of elements and the The type of danger involved is that reinforcement of the structural element is often necessary once a fissure due to shear stress has appeared, or prior to its appearance if such a possibility is foreseen. The shear reinforcement of a structural element is also desirable in the event that the structure may be subject to accidental actions, such as earthquakes or explosions, not foreseen or underestimated in the project and construction
    10 original structure. Currently shear reinforcements can be classified into two types: passive reinforcements and active reinforcements. Passive reinforcements consist of the arrangement of plates, bars or sheets of different types of materials, such as steel or carbon fiber laminates,
    15 among others, by adhesion or by mechanical anchors that “sew” the cracks, existing or foreseeable, so that by increasing external solicitations, the passive reinforcement arranged resists, totally or partially, the increase in shear stress. This type of reinforcements only goes into action for increased efforts from its disposition, and for its correct operation it is necessary, in general,
    20 that the reinforced structure increases its deformation and its level of damage (reinforcement activated by the expansion of the original material of the structure to be reinforced). Therefore, to avoid excessive deformations after reinforcement, initial deformations are limited to the maximum when arranging the reinforcement. To this end, these types of reinforcements usually require an attachment or previous download of the original structure.
    25 The active reinforcements consist instead of the arrangement of plates, bars or sheets that “sew” the cracks, as in the previous case, but to which a tension of tension (tested) is applied before their anchorage, generally of type mechanical but that could be adhesion. Usually this type of reinforcements consists of two parts: prestressed elements and anchoring elements, where the testing process
    30 is always mechanical. In this type of reinforcements the testing process requires hydraulic jacks and wedges, or reinforcements screwed with wrenches that control the tightening torque. In order to carry out the testing, it is therefore necessary work space around the entire structural element, to accommodate the auxiliary elements. This last requirement is not always possible or desirable at the time of
    35 reinforce a structural element of these characteristics.


    It was therefore desirable a method and an active reinforcement system against shear stress or punching in structural bearing elements, avoiding the inconveniences existing in the previous reinforcement methods against shear stresses of the prior art.
    5Description of the invention
    The present invention solves the problems existing in the state of the art by means of an active reinforcement method against shear stress or punching in structural bearing elements. These bearing elements
    10 structural are mainly of the type of beams, pillars and slabs. The method has an arrangement stage of at least one linear reinforcement element made of a shape memory alloy (SMA), pre-stretched in partial or total martensitic phase, around the bearing element of structures to reinforce. Particularly this element of
    The linear reinforcement may consist of a bar, wire, or similar element, but the main feature is that it be linear, that is, with one of its dimensions clearly predominant over the others. This arrangement is made in such a way that the reinforcing bar or wire is arranged transversely to the generated fissure,
    or with the possibility of being generated by the shear force or punching. 20 Next, an anchor of the bar, wire or similar reinforcing element is made around the structural bearing element.
    Subsequently, the activation of the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element is carried out by heating it, causing the transformation of said reinforcement bar from martensitic phase to austenitic phase, ie the
    25 reverse martensitic transformation. By heating the bar, wire or similar reinforcing element, it is attempted to shorten, and the shortening is prevented by the structural bearing element to which it wraps, thus transmitting stresses that compress the entire structural bearing element, and in particular to the crack generated by the shear stress. This closes the previous fissure and increases the
    30 resistance to shear stress, significantly increasing the ductility of the structure against shear breakage. The present invention has the advantages that it does not need a mechanical testing process (unlike the active reinforcements of the prior art), since it uses the shape memory effect of SMA alloys, and also does not require
    35 of the accumulation of damage of the structure to be reinforced to start its work (at


    contrary to the passive reinforcements of the state of the art), since the reinforcement is not based on the expansion of the material to be reinforced.
    The method object of the present invention can also be applied to floor slabs, jácenas and different supports.
    According to a particular embodiment of the invention, the arrangement of the bar, wire or similar reinforcing element is carried out in a substantially helical continuous manner around the structural bearing element. According to this arrangement, preferably sections of the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element are arranged perpendicular to the structure bearing element guideline, and other sections are arranged inclined with respect to the structural bearing element guideline. .
    In accordance with this particular embodiment, the anchoring of the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element around the structural bearing element can be carried out by means of connected overlap of at least two sections of the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element itself. Alternatively, the anchoring of the bar, wire or similar reinforcing element around the structural bearing element can be performed by fixing said reinforcing bar to the structural bearing element itself.
    According to a particular alternative embodiment of the invention, the arrangement of the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element is carried out discreetly by means of at least one bar, wire or similar "U" reinforcing element around the structural bearing element. In accordance with this arrangement, in particular the anchoring of the reinforcing bar around the structural bearing element is carried out by fixing the rod, wire or similar reinforcing element to the structural bearing element. Preferably, the anchoring is carried out by means of at least one auxiliary plate and corresponding bolts or nuts for fixing, although it can be done by alternative means.
    In particular, the heating of the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element to obtain its activation can be carried out by different means such as hot air gun, blowtorch, thermal blankets or passage of electricity along the bar, wire or similar reinforcing element.
    Preferably, in the method object of the present invention, a step prior to the arrangement of the bar, wire or similar reinforcing element can be made around the structure bearing element, consisting of a rounding of the edges of said structural bearing element.


    And also preferably, the method presents an additional stage of coating the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element after its activation, by means of projected material, mortar, plasterboard, or combination of all of them, for its protection.
    Another object of the present invention is an active reinforcement system against shear stress or punching in structural bearing elements. This system has at least one linear reinforcement element made of alloy with memory in a martensitic phase, partial or total, which is anchored around the structural bearing element, for fixing to it. Particularly this element
    10 linear reinforcement may consist of a bar, wire or similar element, but the essential feature is that it is a linear reinforcement element, that is, with one of its dimensions clearly predominant over the rest.
    Preferably, the shape memory alloy of the system object of the present invention has a crystalline structure in a martensitic phase, partial or total, at room temperature, and must have a final transformation temperature of martensitic to austenitic phase between 100 ° C and 250 ° C, this temperature can vary depending on the alloy used. In addition, its initial temperature of direct transformation from austenitic phase to martensitic phase must be below the working ambient temperature of the structural element. Preferably the
    20 shape memory alloy will consist of Ni-Ti-Nb or Fe-Mn-Si, with the possibility of having other components in a smaller proportion, although it may be made of other materials that meet the requirements indicated above.
    Brief description of the drawings
    Next, to facilitate the understanding of the invention, an illustrative but non-limiting way will describe an embodiment of the invention that refers to a series of figures. Figure 1 shows schematically a structural bearing element, specifically a beam, which has a fissure generated by shear stress.
    Figure 2 is a schematic view of the beam of Figure 1 with an active reinforcement system object of the present invention in which the linear reinforcement element is disposed around said beam in a continuous helical manner.
    Figure 3 is a schematic view of a particular embodiment of the reinforcement anchor shown in Figure 2 to the beam. 35 Figure 4 is a schematic view of a reinforcement system with arrangement


    of bar, wire or similar reinforcing element of continuous helical shape in an alternative structural bearing element. Figure 5 shows the structural bearing element of Figure 4 with a reinforcement system with alternative arrangement of several "U" reinforcing bars in a discrete manner.
    Figures 6 and 7 show alternative methods of arrangement of the reinforcement system around another structural bearing element, in this case a vertical column.
    Figures 8 and 9 show different anchors of the reinforcing bar around 10 of the bearing element. In these figures reference is made to a set of elements that are:
    one. structural bearing elements
    2. fissure
    3. Linear reinforcing element such as bar, wire or similar element, of 15 shape memory alloy
    Four. auxiliary plate
    5. nuts, bolts
    DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The object of the present invention is an active reinforcement method against shear stress or punching in structural bearing elements. As can be seen in the figures, the structural supporting elements 1 to be reinforced can be of the type of beams, pillars and slabs. Figure 1 schematically shows a structural bearing element 1,
    25 specifically a beam, which has a fissure 2 generated by the shear stress. Said structural bearing element 1, with or without fissure 2, is the one that will be reinforced with the method object of the present invention.
    The method object of the present invention has an arrangement stage of at least one linear alloy reinforcement element 3 with pre-stretched memory stretched in martensitic phase, partial or total, around the structural bearing element 1 to be reinforced, wherein said bar, wire or similar reinforcing element 3 is disposed transversely to the fissure 2 that is generated or can be generated due to the shear force or punching. Particularly this linear reinforcement element 3 may consist of a bar, wire or similar element, but the essential characteristic is that it is a linear reinforcement element, that is, with a


    Clearly predominant dimension over the rest.
    Subsequently, an anchor of the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element 3 is made around the structural bearing element 1, and finally an activation of the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element 3 is performed by
    5 heating of this, causing the transformation of the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element 3 from martensitic phase to austenitic phase.
    According to different particular embodiments of the invention, the arrangement of the bar, wire or similar reinforcing element 3 is carried out in a substantially helical continuous manner around the structural bearing element 1, such and
    10 as can be seen in figures 2, 3, 4 and 6. According to the previous particular embodiment, preferably sections of the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element 3 are arranged perpendicular to the guideline of the structural bearing element 1 and other sections of the bar, wire or similar reinforcing element 3 are arranged inclined with
    15 with respect to the guideline of the structural bearing element 1, being transverse to the fissure 2 and "sewing" it. In figures 2-3 the inclined sections are observed with respect to the guideline of the structural bearing element 1, while the sections perpendicular to it are hidden in said figures. In accordance with this embodiment according to the continuous helical arrangement
    20 around the structural bearing element 1, the anchoring of the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element 3 is arranged at the beginning and at the end thereof, and can be performed by overlapping at least two sections of the bar itself, wire or similar reinforcement element 3, or on the contrary by fixing the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element 3 to the structural bearing element 1, as
    25 can be seen in Figure 3. In the case of anchoring by overlapping sections of the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element 3, this will be done by means of usual auxiliary devices such as sleeves, nuts, U-bolts or clamps As an alternative to the continuous helical arrangement of the bar, wire or
    30 similar reinforcement element 3 around the structural bearing element 1, according to another particular embodiment there is a discrete arrangement of one or more bars, wires or similar "U" reinforcement element around the structural bearing element 1, as can be seen in figures 5 and 7. According to this embodiment according to the discrete arrangement of one or more
    35 bars, wires or similar reinforcement elements 3 "U", the anchoring of the bars


    of reinforcement 3 is carried out by fixing it to the structural supporting element 1. This fixing is carried out by means of at least one auxiliary plate 4 and the corresponding nuts or bolts 5 for anchoring.
    In general, the anchors may be bolted and should be designed 5 to always withstand the maximum possible force on the bar, wire or similar reinforcing element 3
    According to different particular embodiments of the invention, the activation of the bar, wire or similar reinforcing element 3 by heating it can be achieved by different means such as hot air gun,
    10 torch, thermal blankets, or the passage of electricity along said bar, wire or similar reinforcement element 3, thanks to Joule's law. In particular, and especially if the bars, wires or similar reinforcement elements 3 of alloy shape (SMAs) do not have high ductility, a stage prior to the arrangement of the bar, wire or auxiliary element of
    15 reinforcement 3 around the structural bearing element 1, consisting of a previous rounding of the edges of said structural bearing element. This will avoid the existence of vertices at 90 ° that could damage the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element 3. A particular embodiment of the invention incorporates an additional stage of
    20 coating the bars, wires or similar reinforcement elements 3 after activation, by different means such as projected material, mortar, plasterboard and combinations thereof. This coating can be done to protect the reinforcement system against fire or different environmental conditions. In this case, the surface of the bearing element must initially be treated
    25 structural 1 to reinforce to increase its roughness. This will be possible through the use of hydrojet, sandblasting, or repeated by manual or mechanical methods, before arranging the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element 3. According to this particular embodiment, the method may include a previous stage of realization of grooves or rubs in the structural bearing element 1 for the arrangement
    30 of the bars, wires or similar reinforcing elements 3 in said grooves, and the subsequent coating thereof by the means indicated above. The grooves will be made using a brush or similar means.
    The method object of the present invention can also be applied for reinforcements to punching in slabs or abacus of reticular slabs, similar to that applied to beams, taking into account that in the case of punching in slabs


    or abacus of reticular slabs reinforcements will be arranged in two directions of space from the pillar. Said reinforcements will require several previous perforations in the slab to be able to arrange the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element 3 that surrounds the structural bearing element. Note that in the areas to be reinforced located around an inner pillar, these reinforcements are arranged at least four times (two directions from the pillar in two directions). The process of arranging the bar, wire or similar reinforcement element 3 is the same as that indicated above, adding the pre-drilling step of the slab for the subsequent arrangement of the reinforcement. It is also possible to use the bar, wire or element
    10 similar reinforcement 3 in "U" in this case. The method is also valid for beams, joists or ribs of slabs with a "T" cross section. Another object of the present invention is an active reinforcement system against shear stress or punching in structural bearing elements. As can be seen in the figures, the system has at least one
    15 linear alloy reinforcement element 3 with memory of partial or total martensitic phase shape, anchorable around the structural bearing element 1. Particularly this linear reinforcement element 3 may consist of a bar, wire or similar element, but the essential feature is which is a linear reinforcement element, that is, with a clearly predominant dimension over the rest.
    In particular, this shape memory alloy has characteristics necessary to carry out the reinforcement optimally, such as that it has a crystalline structure in partial or total martensitic phase at room temperature, which has a final phase transformation temperature. martensitic to austenitic located between 100ºC and 250ºC, this temperature can vary depending on
    25 of the alloy used, and having an initial direct transformation temperature from austenitic phase to martensitic phase below the working ambient temperature of the structural bearing element 1, preferably at temperatures below -50 ° C, so as not to perform said direct transformation in working conditions. Preferably, the shape memory alloy is such that it generates a voltage of
    30 recovery under deformation prevented in the transformation of martensitic to austenitic phase of at least 200 MPa. Particularly, the shape memory alloy can be Ni-Ti-Nb, or Fe-Mn-Si, with the possible incorporation of other components in a smaller proportion, although it could be any memory shape alloy that complies with the
    35 requirements indicated above.


    Once the invention is clearly described, it is noted that the particular embodiments described above are subject to modifications in detail as long as they do not alter the fundamental principle and essence of the invention.

    权利要求:
    Claims (16)
    [1]
    1. Active reinforcement method against shear stress or punching in structural bearing elements, said structural bearing elements being (1)
    5 of the type of beams, pillars and slabs, characterized in that it comprises the stages of- arrangement of at least one linear reinforcement element (3) of alloy withpre-stretched memory in martensitic phase around the bearing elementof structures (1) to be reinforced, such that said reinforcement bar (3) isarranged transversely to a fissure (2) generated, by the shear stress or
    10 punching, - anchoring of the linear reinforcement element (3) around the structural bearing element (1), - activating the linear reinforcement element (3) by heating it, causing the transformation of the linear linear reinforcement element (3) martensitic to
    15 austenitic phase.
    [2]
    2. Method according to claim 1 characterized in that the arrangement of the linear reinforcement element (3) is carried out in a substantially helical continuous manner around the structural bearing element (1).
    [3]
    3. Method according to claim 2, characterized in that the substantially helical arrangement of the linear reinforcement element (3) is carried out in such a way that some sections of the linear reinforcement element (3) are arranged in
    25 arrangement perpendicular to the guideline of the structural bearing element (1) and - sections of said linear reinforcement element (3) are arranged inclined with respect to the guideline of the structural bearing element (1).
    [4]
    4. Method according to any of claims 2-3 characterized in that the anchoring of the linear reinforcement element (3) around the structural bearing element
    (1) is performed by overlapping at least two sections of the linear reinforcement element itself (3).
    [5]
    5. Method according to any of claims 2-3 characterized in that the anchoring of the linear reinforcement element (2) around the structural bearing element

    (1) is performed by fixing said linear reinforcement element (3) to the structural bearing element (1).
    [6]
    6. Method according to claim 1 characterized in that the arrangement of the
    5 linear reinforcement element, (3) is performed discreetly by means of at least one "U" linear reinforcement element around the structural bearing element (1).
    [7]
    7. Method according to claim 6 characterized in that the anchoring of the element
    Linear reinforcement (3) around the structural bearing element (1) is carried out by fixing said reinforcement element (3) to the structural bearing element (1).
    [8]
    Method according to any of claims 6-7 characterized in that the anchoring of the linear reinforcement element (3) around the structural bearing element
    (1) is performed by at least one auxiliary plate (4) and nuts or bolts (5). fifteen
    [9]
    Method according to any one of the preceding claims characterized in that the activation of the linear reinforcement element (3) by heating it is carried out by means selected from a hot air gun, blowtorch, thermal blankets or electricity passage along said reinforcement bar (3).
    [10]
    Method according to any of the preceding claims characterized in that prior to the arrangement of the linear reinforcement element (3) around the structural bearing element (1) a rounding of the edges of said structural bearing element (1) is performed.
    [11]
    11. Method according to any of the preceding claims characterized in that it comprises an additional step of coating the linear reinforcing element or element
    (3) after activation by means selected from projected material,
    mortar, plasterboard and combination of them. 30
    [12]
    Method according to any one of the preceding claims characterized in that it comprises a previous stage of realization of grooves in the structural bearing element (1) for the arrangement of at least one linear reinforcement element (3) in said grooves.

    [13]
    13. Active reinforcement system against shear stress or punching in structural supporting elements, characterized in that it comprises at least one linear reinforcement element (3) made of alloy with memory in the form of a martensitic phase that can be anchored around the structural bearing element (1).
    [14]
    14. Active reinforcement system according to claim 13, characterized in that the shape memory alloy - presents crystalline structure in martensitic phase, at room temperature, - has a final transformation temperature from martensitic to austenitic phase
    10 located between 100 ° C and 250 ° C, - has an initial temperature of direct transformation from austenitic phase to martensitic phase below the working ambient temperature of the supporting element of structures (1), - and generates a recovery voltage under deformation prevented in the
    15 transformation of martensitic to austenitic phase of at least 200 MPa.
    [15]
    15. Active reinforcement system according to claim 14, characterized in that the shape memory alloy is selected from the Ni-Ti-Nb and Fe-Mn-Si alloy families.
    [16]
    16. Active reinforcement system according to any of claims 13-15, characterized in that the linear reinforcement element (3) is selected from a bar and a wire.

    2
     Fig. 1
     Fig. 2
     Fig. 3

     Fig. 6 
     Fig. 7 

     Fig. 8
    4
    Fig. 9
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    引用文献:
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    CN104358422A|2014-11-29|2015-02-18|宋双阳|Prestress working device and prestress working method for reinforcing wall crack|
    WO2016096737A1|2014-12-18|2016-06-23|Re-Fer Ag|Method for producing prestressed structures and structural parts by means of sma tension elements, and structure and structural part equipped therewith|CN110273384A|2019-06-27|2019-09-24|山东大学|A kind of bridge Smart self-repairing system and method|US6219991B1|1990-08-06|2001-04-24|Hexcel Corporation|Method of externally strengthening concrete columns with flexible strap of reinforcing material|
    GB0423948D0|2004-10-28|2004-12-01|Qinetiq Ltd|Composite materials|
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    PCT/ES2017/070675| WO2018069560A1|2016-10-14|2017-10-11|Method for active reinforcement against shear stress or shear failure in structural load-bearing elements and active reinforcement system|
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